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Doomsday Fire: Millions of Volcanoes Stirring Under the Ocean
May 28th, 2011 | 
Author: 
Doomsday Fire: Millions of Volcanoes Stirring Under the Ocean
In 1993, marine geophysicists aboard the research vessel Melville discovered 1,133 previously unmapped underwater volcanoes off the coast of Easter Island.
Though some of the newly discovered volcanoes rose as much as one-and-a-half miles above the seafloor, their summits still remained half a mile below the water’s surface- all this in a comparatively small area of only 55,000 square miles, about the size of New York State.
The geophysicists had increased the known supply of underwater volcanoes by more than ten percent just in a matter of months. That was 1993. Today, scientists estimate that there are more than three million underwater volcanoes.
That’s a three followed by six zeroes! In 2007, oceanographers Hillier and Watts surveyed 201,055 submarine volcanoes. “From this they concluded an astounding total of 3,477,403 submarine volcanoes must reasonably exist worldwide,” said this article by John O’Sullivan. Hillier and Watts “based this finding on the earlier and well-respected observations of Earth and Planetary Sciences specialist, Batiza (1982) who found that at least 4 per cent of seamounts are active volcanoes.”
According to Batiza’s survey, the Pacific mid-plate alone contains an incredible 22,000 to 55,000 underwater volcanoes, with at least 2,000 of them considered active. Thinking that anyone could know exactly how many volcanoes lurk beneath the surface of the ocean is ludicrous, of course.
But that 3,477,403 number, coming from two well-respected oceanographers, does reinforce my point rather nicely, namely, that underwater volcanoes are heating the seas. To go from 10,000 underwater volcanoes to more than three million in less than 20 years shows how little we knew – and how little we still know – about this incredible force of nature. We know more about the moon.
Posted in 2012 Doomsday, Global Warming, Pole Shifts | 
Tags: Active Volcanoes, Doomsday, Earth, Easter Island, Force Of Nature, Geophysicists, Half A Mile, Half Miles, John O Sullivan, Melville, New York State, Oceanographers, Planetary Sciences, Research Vessel, Scientists, Submarine Volcanoes, Summits, Underwater Volcanoes, Watts, Zeroes | 
No Comments »Floods Kill 105 in China – CNN
Every time we turn on the news there seems to be another natural disaster happening. Most recently is the Flooding in China here is the CNN report…
Heavy rain and flooding have left 105 people dead and more than 60 are missing in southern China, the state-run Xinhua news agency reported Monday.
The Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs and the National Disaster Reduction Commission launched an emergency response to the disasters in anticipation of more downpours in central and southern China, the news agency said.
Thirty-nine people are dead and 21 missing in Hunan province, 29 are dead and 10 missing in Hubei, 24 have died and 32 are missing in Guizhou, and 13 are dead in Jiangxi, according to official reports released early Monday,
Relief-supply stations have been created in 11 provinces and seven cities in preparation for the continued downpours, Xinhua said.
Local civil affairs departments are working to establish temporary shelters, finalize emergency plans and evacuate people from dangerous areas, it said.
Posted in 2012 Doomsday, Global Warming, Pole Shifts | Tags: Anticipation, Chinese Ministry, Civil Affairs, Cnn, Cnn Report, Dangerous Areas, Disaster Reduction, Disasters, Early Monday, Emergency Plans, Emergency Response, Flooding In China, Floods, Guizhou, Heavy Rain, National Disaster, Natural Disaster, Seven Cities, Southern China, Xinhua News Agency | No Comments »Northstar engine series – pneumatic cylinders – Auto Doors
Development and features
The Northstar’s design was initiated as a response to the advanced dual overhead cam V8 engines introduced by European and Japanese competitors of Cadillac in the late 1980s. At that time, Cadillac was using the aluminum HT Overhead Valve (OHV) V8 which had been pushed hastily into production after the failure of the V8-6-4 of 1981.
Cadillac was developing new models like the Allant and updated Eldorado and Seville STS which they hoped would compete against the best from BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Lexus, and Infiniti. They developed a laundry list of items that must be included in these new models, including sophisticated steering, braking, and suspension technologies, which became known as the Northstar System. One key element was a high-tech V8 engine with all of the features and performance of the competitors’ offerings.
The “Northstar” V8, as it was then known, was an evolution of the Lotus-designed Chevrolet LT5 all-aluminum DOHC 32-valve V8 used in the Corvette ZR-1. Archrival Ford Motor Company was developing a similar engine at that time as well, and Ford’s Modular engine would precede the Northstar into production with its introduction on the 1991 Lincoln Town Car. Both continue in production at 4.6 L of displacement.
Capable of producing 300 hp (224 kW) out of its 4565 cc displacement, the Northstar featured a cast aluminum 90 V8 block with 102 mm (4 in) bore spacing split into unitary upper and lower halves. The lower crankcase assembly supported the crankshaft without conventional main bearing caps. An oil manifold plate with an integrated silicon gasket forms the oil gallery under this. A typical oil change used 7.58 quarts of oil.
Cast-iron cylinder liners were specified and the forged aluminum pistons included valve clearance. Northstar is an interference engine, with bronze pin bushings and free-floating piston pins used.
Cast aluminum cylinder heads were used featuring 4 valves per cylinder. The heads used dual overhead cams which are driven through the “maintenance-free” cam-drive chain case. The cams act directly on hydraulic lifters on the ends of the valves and are fed with a lubrication passage drilled through the cylinder head lengthwise. The intake valves are inclined at 25, while the exhaust valves are canted to 7 with center-mounted platinum-tipped spark plugs. The cam covers are magnesium for light weight.
Eight thermoplastic tubes were used in the induction system, leading to sequential fuel injection. The engine used a distributorless ignition system with a waste spark setup. The PCM controls spark and fuel injection timing as well as the shift points for the new 4T80-E transmission.
One notable feature, advertised at the time, was the “limp home” fail-safe mode which allowed the engine to continue running for a limited time without any coolant. Supplying fuel to only one cylinder bank in turn, the engine would “air cool” the inactive bank. This technique, combined with its all-aluminum construction and large oil capacity, allows the engine to maintain safe temperatures, allowing a Northstar-equipped car to be driven with no coolant for about 100 mi (161 km) without damage.
Another unusual feature of some Northstar-equipped cars is a liquid-cooled alternator used on Cadillac’s Seville, DeVille, and Eldorado. The liquid-cooling helped prolong the life of the alternator in these electronic-laden models, though GM reverted to a traditional air-cooled setup for 2001 to eliminate potential leak points and extraneous tubing.
All engines of this family share the same Northstar bellhousing pattern.
Later developments included direct coil-on-plug ignition, and variable valve timing, which can vary intake by up to 40 and the exhaust by up to 50. VVT was devised for the longitudinal LH2 version, and has not, to date, been used on the transverse front wheel drive engines due to packaging considerations. Northstar series
The engine was introduced in mid-1992 in the 1993 Cadillac Allant and continues to be used in most Cadillac models. The original Northstar Allant also introduced the Northstar System which included traction control, adaptive suspension, and antilock brakes. Early Northstar required premium grade gasoline to run safely.
The Northstar was sold exclusively by Cadillac for over a decade before being introduced in the 2004 Pontiac Bonneville and 2006 Buick Lucerne. However, the 4.0L L47 V8 variant was used in the Oldsmobile Aurora and the 3.5L LX5 V6 in the Oldsmobile Intrigue. The engine received a forged steel crankshaft in October 2003. Cadillac had planned to introduce a V12 Northstar this decade, likely for use in the Escalade, but economics and new CAFE standards have killed this idea.
Most Northstar engines produce 275 hp (205 kW) to 315 hp (235 kW). The engines were revised for 2000 with coil-on-plug ignition and roller follower valvegear for improved fuel economy and reduced emissions. Though power output did not change, this update eliminated the need for premium fuel.
All but the supercharged Northstar displace 4.6 L (279 cu in) with a 93 mm (3.7 in) bore and 84 mm (3.3 in) stroke. For better head gasket sealing between cylinders, the supercharged version is de-bored to 91 mm (3.6 in) for a total displacement of 4.4 L (266 cu in) . The block is said[who?] to be capable of expansion up to 5.4 L, though no such engine has been produced.
The Northstar was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines list for 1995, 1996, and 1997.
The Northstar System was Cadillac’s trademarked name for a package of automobile performance features. Introduced in mid 1992 on the 1993 Cadillac Allant and later on that year’s Seville and Eldorado, the Northstar name continues in use to this day.
The Northstar System included the following components:
L37 high-output 300 hp (224 kW) and 295 ftlbf (400 Nm)
LD8 high-torque 275 hp (205 kW) and 300 ftlbf (407 Nm)
GM 4T80-E 4-speed automatic transmission
Road Sensing Suspension
RSS was available in both standard and CV-RSS (continuously-variable) systems. It monitored damping rates of the shock absorbers every 15 milliseconds, selecting between two settings.
4-wheel disc brakes with Bosch antilock brakes
Magnasteer speed-variable power steering
Magnasteer combines conventional hydraulic power steering and magnetized “doughnuts” mounted around the output shaft, which stiffen the steering as vehicle speed increases.
The latest versions of the Northstar engine include the 4.6L 320 hp (239 kW) and 315 lbft (427 Nm) LH2 which began in 2004, and supercharged 4.4L 469 hp (350 kW) LC3 created for the STS-V which are detailed below.
General Motors employed a continuously variable system for the Cadillac Northstar System, VVT (Variable Valve Timing). The Northstar VVT provides a continuously variable system throughout the RPM range, increasing fuel economy. GM engines use the double overhead cam, varying both intake and exhaust for better performance. L37
The L37 (VIN “9″) was the original Northstar. It is tuned for responsiveness and power, while the later LD8 is designed for more sedate use. The L37 code has been used on all high-output transverse Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Its displacement is 4600cc flat the compression ratio for the L37 is 10:1, shared with the LD8.
The original L37 was specified at 290 hp (216 kW), but 1993 production examples were rated at 295 hp (220 kW). The engine topped out at 300 hp (224 kW) from 1996 through 2004 on the STS, DTS and ETC models, making these some of the most powerful domestic front wheel drive cars ever built, the most powerful title still belonging to the 1970 Cadillac Eldorado 500 cu in (8.2 L) with 400 hp (298 kW) (although the latter’s rating is in the older SAE gross horsepower system, figured without accessories or muffler, where the current engine outputs are as-installed, net ratings). For 2005 the high output Northstar became Northstar NHP, and was downrated to 290 horsepower (220 kW) under the new SAE certified horsepower rating system. In 2006, the updated DTS “Performance Package” model got a slight bump to 292 hp (218 kW). Vehicles using the L37 include:
Year
Model
Power
Torque
1993
Cadillac Allant
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
1993-1994
Cadillac Eldorado ETC
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19952002
Cadillac Eldorado ETC
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
1993
Cadillac Seville STS
295 hp (220 kW) @ 5600 rpm
290 lbft (393 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19942004
Cadillac Seville STS
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
19962004
Cadillac DeVille Concours/DTS
300 hp (224 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2005
Cadillac DeVille DTS
290 hp (216 kW) @ 5600 rpm
285 lbft (386 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2006resent
Cadillac DTS Performance
292 hp (218 kW) @ 6300 rpm
288 lbft (390 Nm) @ 4500 rpm
2008-present
Buick Lucerne Super
292 hp (218 kW) @ 6300 rpm
288 lbft (390 Nm) @ 4500 rpm LD8
The LD8 (VIN “Y”) is a transverse V8 for front-wheel drive cars. Introduced in 1994, it is designed to provide more torque than the high-revving L37. The LD8 code has been used on all torque-tuned transverse Northstars, even as the exact engine specifications evolved. Compression ratio is 10:1.
The 1998 revision is quieter than previous Northstar engines, due to hydraulic engine mounts, and performs better due to a tuned intake system.
Most LD8 Northstars are rated at 275 hp (205 kW) and 300 lbft (407 Nm).
Year
Model
Power
Torque
1994
Cadillac Eldorado
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19952001
Cadillac Eldorado
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm)
2002
Cadillac Eldorado
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
1994
Cadillac Seville SLS
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19952001
Cadillac Seville SLS
275 hp (205 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
20022004
Cadillac Seville SLS
275 hp (205 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
1994
Cadillac DeVille Concours
270 hp (201 kW)
300 lbft (407 Nm)
1995
Cadillac DeVille Concours
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm)
19962001
Cadillac DeVille
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5750 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
20022005
Cadillac DeVille
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
2006resent
Cadillac DTS
275 hp (205 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20042005
Pontiac Bonneville GXP
275 hp (205 kW) @ 5600 rpm
300 lbft (407 Nm) @ 4000 rpm
20062007
Buick Lucerne CXS
275 hp (205 kW) @ 6000 rpm
295 lbft (400 Nm) @ 4400 rpm LH2
The Northstar was designed originally for transverse front-wheel drive applications. It was modified substantially in 2004 for longitudinal rear- and all-wheel drive use in the SRX and XLR, as well as receiving continuously variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust sides. The RWD (LH2) Northstar produces 320 hp (239 kW) and 315 lbft (427 Nm). An increased compression ratio of 10.5:1 enables most of the increase in power from the L37 and LD8 Northstars.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
20042009
Cadillac SRX
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
315 lbft (427 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20042009
Cadillac XLR
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
310 lbft (420 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
2004resent
Cadillac STS
320 hp (239 kW) @ 6400 rpm
315 lbft (427 Nm) @ 4400 rpm Supercharged LC3
A 4.4 L (266 cu in) supercharged Northstar is used in the 2006 Cadillac STS-V and Cadillac XLR-V. The bore was reduced for increased strength and improved head gasket sealing. Variable valve timing is used on both the intake and exhaust sides. The STS-V engine produces 469 hp (350 kW) at 6400 rpm and 439 lbft (595 Nm) at 3900 rpm with 9:1 compression and the XLR-V engine produces 443 hp (330 kW) at 6400 rpm and 414 lbft (561 Nm) at 3900 rpm.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
20062009
Cadillac STS-V
469 hp (350 kW) @ 6400 rpm
439 lbft (595 Nm) @ 3900 rpm
20062009
Cadillac XLR-V
443 hp (330 kW) @ 6400 rpm
414 lbft (561 Nm) @ 3900 rpm L47
A L47 inside an Aurora’s engine bay
The L47 Aurora engine was a special V8 designed for the Oldsmobile Aurora, based on the Northstar engine. It is a DOHC 3,995 cc (3.995 L; 243.8 cu in) V8 which produced 250 horsepower (186 kW) and 260 ftlb (353 Nm) of torque. The bore is 87 mm (3.4 in) and the stroke is 84 mm (3.3 in). The L47 has a 10.3:1 compression ratio and uses premium fuel.
An early version or prototype of this engine was used in the 2nd generation Oldsmobile Aerotech.
Although most of the Northstar’s features, including the coolant loss system, remained intact, the decreased bore increased weight unacceptably. To reduce it, Oldsmobile used a one-piece glass-filled thermoplastic intake manifold and simplified AC Rochester sequential fuel injection. A new die-cast structural aluminum oil pan incorporated baffling to reduce oil starvation in hard driving. A starter interlock prevents the starter from engaging if the quiet L47 is already running.
A highly modified 650 hp (485 kW) version of this engine was used by General Motors racing division initially for Indy Racing League competition starting in 1995, then was later used in the Cadillac Northstar LMP program in 2000. Both engines retained the 4.0 L capacity, but the Northstar LMP version was twin-turbocharged.
The Aurora was also used in the Shelby Series 1 car.
The Aurora engine was introduced in 1994 for the 1995 model year, and General Motors has not used this engine since the demise of the marque in 2004.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
19952003
Oldsmobile Aurora
250 hp (186 kW) @ 5600 rpm
260 lbft (353 Nm) @ 4400 rpm LX5 (Shortstar)
A “Shortstar” LX5 inside an Intrigue’s engine bay
The LX5 V6 is a DOHC engine from Oldsmobile, introduced in 1999 with the Oldsmobile Intrigue. It was produced by the Premium engine group at GM and was thus called the Premium V6, or PV6, while it was being developed. It is based on the L47 Aurora V8, which is itself based on the Northstar engine, so engineers called it the Short North, though Oldsmobile fans have taken to calling it the Shortstar.
It is not a simple cut-down V8. Although it has a 90 vee-angle like the Northstar and Aurora, the engine block was engineered from scratch, so bore centers are different. It has chain-driven dual overhead cams and 4 valves per cylinder, but is an even-firing design with a split-pin crankshaft similar to the modern GM 3800 engines. The LX5 displaced 3,473 cc (3.473 L; 211.9 cu in) and produced 215 hp (160 kW) @ 5,600 rpm and 230 ftlb (312 Nm) @ 4,400 rpm. Bore is 89.5 mm (3.52 in) and stroke is 92 mm (3.6 in). Compression ratio is 9.3:1.
The cost of building this engine was high, and it was not used in many vehicles. It was said at the time that a family of premium V6s would follow, with displacements ranging from 3.3 L to 3.7 L, but only the LX5 was ever produced.
The LX5 was entirely different from any other V6 in the GM inventory – the only other DOHC V6 engines offered by GM were the Chevrolet Twin Dual Cam produced from 1991-1997 and the Cadillac/Holden HFV6 available from 2004 to the present day. These three designs are completely unrelated and oddly enough leave two gaps in 1998 and 2003 where no DOHC V6 was available from GM. This contrasts starkly with competitors practices of evolving engineering over multiple, continuously improving designs.
As with the Aurora V8, production stopped with the demise of Oldsmobile.
Year
Model
Power
Torque
19992002
Oldsmobile Intrigue
215 hp (160 kW) @ 5600 rpm
230 lbft (312 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
20012002
Oldsmobile Aurora
215 hp (160 kW) @ 5600 rpm
230 lbft (312 Nm) @ 4400 rpm
The 3.5L LX5 was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines list for 1999 and 2000. See also
GM 60-degree DOHC V6 engine
GM High Feature engine
Cadillac V8 engine
GM Ultra Engine
List of GM engines Notes
^ http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:6nj6yREp_4wJ:www.ehow.com/facts_5467367_northstar-engine-information.html+LT5+northstar&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
^ Weitzman, Larry (2001).The Aurora by Oldsmobile (2001), Better in every respect. Autochannel. Retrieved on June 28, 2009. References
Frank Markus. “1993 Technical Highlights”. Car and Driver (October 1992): 5960.
“Technical Highlights”. Car and Driver (October 1993): 115.
Joel D. Pietrangelo. “Northstar is heart of Allante re-do for ’93 – V-8 engine, General Motors’ Cadillac Motor Car Div.’s new model roadster”. Ward’s Auto World (February 1992). External links
Northstar engine – official website
Technical article from AutoSpeed
Ward’s article
GM Premium V Performance Discussion Forums Categories: Cadillac engines | GM engines | Automotive technology tradenamesHidden categories: All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2008
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Posted in Pole Shifts | Tags: Aluminum Cylinder Heads, Aluminum Pistons, Auto, Cast Aluminum, Cast Iron Cylinder, Corvette Zr, cylinders, Doors, Dual Overhead Cam, Engine, Ford Motor Company, Integrated Silicon, Interference Engine, Laundry List, Lincoln Town Car, Northstar, Northstar System, Northstar V8, Oil Gallery, Piston Pins, pneumatic, Series, Seville Sts, Suspension Technologies, V8 Engine, V8 Engines, Valve V8 | No Comments »Defining Success by Decentralized Democracy in Sierra Leone
Summary: Since 2007, Ernest Koroma is trying to build a reasonably progressive government in Sierra Leone. And such an approach does seem to be a radical departure from the country’s history and political culture. It has the makings of a realistic and acceptable alternative model of governance a more responsible democracy and a system of internal accountability. The original plan for a post-Kabbah Sierra Leone called for rapid, transformational nation building. Such a vision has been slow coming but it now seems Koroma is listening and he is taking action to make his government work for the people more than ever before seen in Sierra Leone. Many Sierra Leoneans are now optimistic that a stable and acceptable outcome in Sierra Leone is possible. They believe that Sierra Leone has never been administered effectively. However, much of today’s public acceptance of Koroma’s leadership centers on the widespread belief about the good intentions of Koroma, a quite suitable political end state that is both acceptable and achievable with Koroma’s persistence to demand excellence from the key players in his administration.
The Koroma administration appears to share the public’s optimism about the viability of a decentralized, but strong national government in Sierra Leone. Before it seems such an ambitious outcome would not be realized. Now a decentralized Asian Singapore kind of state in Sierra Leone would presumably suffice. Success in Sierra Leone thus means governance is gravitating toward an acceptable end state, somewhere between ideal and intolerable. The Koroma administration is working to identify and describe what this end state might look like. With clear limits on acceptable outcomes, at long last constructive development in Sierra Leone can be achieved under the arm of an administration leader who insists on getting roads and bridges constructed, increasing agricultural productivity (through his US$403 million agricultural sector growth project), among other development pursuits, regardless of what those in his administration are trying to do to frustrate his efforts. As the former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, observed in 2009, President Koroma is one of two reliable and committed African leaders he could do business with. The other is the Rwandan leader, Paul Kagame. In an exclusive interview in the authoritative London based Financial Times ‘This Is Africa’ magazine, Blair said the two presidents absolutely have the right vision for their respective countries. “What I am trying to do is to go into these countries with a group who are really smart, dedicated people - we’ve hired them internationally – who will try and build proper systems of governance around President Koroma and Kagame, each of whom… have absolutely the right vision for their countries”, the former Prime Minister said.
In fact, there is an array of acceptable and attainable outcomes for Sierra Leone. None is flawless, and all would require sacrifice. But it is not fair at this time to assume that Sierra Leone is somehow ungovernable or that any sacrifice would be futile in the pursuit of an unachievable goal. Sierra Leone’s own history offers ample evidence of the kind of missed opportunities that could have made the larger society stable, responsible governance that could have met society’s demands without abandoning the convenience of those in power, and their security and respect. By learning from this history and from recent experiences with the leadership of Tejan Kabbah and elsewhere, like Lansana Conte’s Guinea, Koroma should be framing a workable definition of success in Sierra Leone.
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED
Koroma seems to be pushing for a more inclusive, flexible, and decentralized political arrangement, but he should have oversight structures in place to ensure powers devolved are appropriately utilized for the development of regional communities.
From the end of an era in 1992 when Siaka Steven’s hand-picked successor, Joseph Saidu Momoh, was ousted from power, to the coup of Johnny Paul Koroma in 1997, through the second administration of Ahmed Tejan Kabbah, Sierra Leone underwent a difficult and tumultuous period of national challenges. Although the country celebrated democracy post-Johnny Paul Koroma with a leader (Tejan Kabbah) people sacrificed their lives for, the kind of administration people sarcificed their lives for, on the whole, fell short of people’s expectations and those placed in positions of trust all connived to undermine Kabbah’s leadership. Evidently, these previous governments had the resources and the authority but lacked the strength and resolve to exercise control or provide public resources in many parts of the country. Instead, these governments ruled according to a series of bargains between the state and private interests, exchanging state resources for loyalty and some semblance of order. Over time, as the power brokers continued to be more corrupt and sustained their capacity to deprive society of public resources and failure to govern, this balance shifted, and a series of military takeovers gravely upset the status quo. And whenever the military did what they thought was best for the country, to chase away the power brokers – most notably in 1992 under the popular revolution of Valentine Strasser coup and in 1997 under the despicable Johnny Paul Koroma – conflict in who should run the country became an issue and central authority repeatedly challenged. Evidently, the AFRC invasion in 1997 led to a fundamental breakdown of government authority and legitimacy, which led to further chaos and national quagmire. The total devastation of Sierra Leone reached its climax.
Although war, migration, and the lack of great leaders not driven by money but by the challenge, have caused a great deal of suffering for Sierra Leoneans, the resolve of Sierra Leoneans to bear the pain of misguided development policies remain a fundamental source of Sierra Leonean identity and a critical base of hope and patience. This is especially clear in the case of the youths (community activists). Traditionally, the misery of the youth in Sierra Leone has been an opportunity politicians prey on. The youth are a community systematically exploited by governments often used as instruments to negotiate over development programs, with their more prominent members serving as liaisons to the central government. The youths may differ in their power and representation, but they are still found today in virtually every community. This traditional and local base of legitimacy offers a potential foundation for stable governance in the future if their youthful energies are adequately utilized through essential jobs geared towards the agricultural and the infrastructural development of Sierra Leone.
Over the course of 2009 and 2010, the World Bank has been very generous in supporting Koroma’s government’s short to medium term efforts aimed at building on successes of existing youth employment programs in the country through the Youth and Employment Support (YES) project. In November, 2009, in what the Bank considered as growing confidence in the economic development of Sierra Leone accelerated by sound economic management, the World Bank released $30 million dollars to the Government of Sierra Leone, and it was anticipated more than 60,000 young people should have benefited from that funding agreement and at least 31,000 people benefitted directly from the “cash for work program” (Sierra Express Media, 2009, http://www.sierraexpressmedia.com/archives/3248). Again, in July 2010, $20 million dollars have been allocated to finance (1) a “Cash for Works” component of US$10 million; (2) a Skills Development and Employment Support component of US$7.5 million, and (3) an Institutional Support, Policy Development, and Impact Evaluation costing US$2.5 million (The Patriotic Vanguard, 2010, http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/spip.php?article5308).
The activities to be supported under the “cash for works” component would include the rehabilitation and improvement of priority infrastructure chosen from amongst three areas: feeder road rehabilitation and maintenance, agriculture, and renewable energy/environmental management. It is not clear however, whether feeder road rehabilitation and maintenance would include inner city roads in the country’s capital. Obviously, road infrastructure in Freetown is currently not utilized effectively. The quality of many inner city roads like Sackville Street, Leicester Road, Mountain Cut, Fourah Bay Road, Kissy Road, is poor, and do need treatment; and haphazard parking in most of these roads is a problem. Besides, Sierra Leoneans are desperately waiting for a respite from chronic traffic congestions, thus the need for some kind of roads project, to include the construction of inner city flyover networks at critical intersections, which could even be constructed as toll roads, to help provide relief to traffic congestion at critical areas on inner city roads networks. For instance, the corridor linking Fourah Bay Road, Guard Street, and Kissy Street, and the other corridor from Kissy Road to Goderich Street; as well the corridor linking Congo Cross to Syke Street to Kroo Town Road are among corridors which have to be prioritized in any roads project since the most chronic traffic jams and the brunt of bad commutes are felt in those areas every day.
The international community, of course, would prefer to see Sierra Leone – much as it would like to see any country in Africa – ruled in accordance with the will of the governed, its people prosperous, and the rights of its minorities and women respected. But any meaningful development approach in Sierra Leone’s two main interests has to justify dealing with the human costs corruption in government at all levels: one, that many government officials and many conniving private interests who wish to continue to degrade any development opportunities by using public resources for their own ends not be allowed to continue to do that; and two, that rogue politicians not use Sierra Leone’s power corridors as platform to launch their careers to enrich themselves at the expense of nation building programs. Clearly, corruption is the enemy of excellence. Corruption is the enemy of innovation. Corruption is the enemy of service. And corruption is the enemy of justice. When corruption rules, these qualities go out the window.
There are many possible end states for Sierra Leone, but only a few are compatible with these national development interests. Sierra Leone could revert to a heavily centralized democracy, or become a fully decentralized democracy; relapse to anarchy, or degenerate to centralized dictatorship. The first has already been experienced in Sierra Leone and failed; anarchy and centralized dictatorship are definitely unacceptable. But decentralized democracy is both feasible and can be acceptable to get things done effectively.
ENDURING POSSIBILITIES WITH DECENTRALIZED DEMOCRACY
The pervasiveness of government decentralization and local governance is not a new phenomenon in Sierra Leone’s political history. For nearly a century, the British policy of indirect rule remained the basis of local government administration in all her West African colonies. The policy was first popularized by Lord Lugard who served as governor general of Nigeria between 1914 to 1919; which he described in his book titled “The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa” published in 1922, in which he said:
The British Empire…. has only one mission for liberty and self development on no standardized lines, so that all may feel that their interests and religion are safe under the British flag. Such liberty and self development can be best secured to the native population by leaving them free to manage their own affairs through their own rulers, proportionately to their degree of advancement, under the guidance of the British staff, and subject to the laws and policy of the administration”.
In basic terms, therefore, the theory of indirect rule was aimed at governing colonized peoples through their chiefs and local institutions. There is the cynical view that the colonial government’s main motivation for colonial government decentralization and local governance was to balance the difficulty the British had in administering her colonies in West Africa as there were simply not enough English men prepared to serve as colonial administrators in the hinterlands of the empire. As such, indirect rule had the advantage of being cheap for the British colonial masters since traditional rulers were less expensive than British officials. For this reason Lugard, and other British Governors in West Africa, adopted the system for the administration of local government in the region. But the concept itself was a laudable one. The essence of the conceptofdecentralization is to allow the fullest diversity in governance in keeping with local aspirations and traditional culture.
Post-colonial governance institutions in Sierra Leone were thus rooted historically and culturally in the institution of chieftaincy, which constituted an important constituent of local community governance. Yet, although the system of local governance retained a colonial outlook at independence, it was evident that the district councils established in 1946 was a commendable governance approach. But in 1972, Siaka Stevens’ motive was even more cynical and twisted than the British colonial masters by playing on anti-imperialist sentiments to formally and officially abolish the district councils, introducing a heavily centralized system of administration where powers, duties and responsibilities once exercised by local government structures were taken over by the central government.
Centralized democracy carries risks and disadvantages that make it less consistent with the country’s national development interests as already seen with Siaka Stevens’ deliberate attempt in 1972 to do away with local district councils. Siaka Stevens thought by centralization he could maintain the maximum feasible control over the national economy and economic development. It was a handy strategy for him in the sense that he called all the shots, as such that enabled him to exploit more easily the resources of society. Evidently, his hidden motive to push for centralization was to loot the resources of the country, which was far easier for him to do with highly centralized powers as opposed to when they were dispersed throughout the many levels and segments of the society. As first envisaged in the 1971 republican constitution under which Siaka Stevens became president, then codified in 1972, the circumcision of local district council powers approach placed virtually all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in Stevens’ national government. It literally gave him superseding powers to govern. He appointed every significant official in the executive branch, from departmental and provincial ministers down to outposts or branches functionaries serving at the interior level.
However, following the first democratic elections in over three decades, in 1996, a vast majority of Sierra Leoneans called for the re-institution of local decentralized governance as a major strategy to enhance democratic and inclusive participation. Kabbah, however, was ill-prepared and in a hurry to decentralize, and his strategy ultimately led to serious military upheaval and the civil strife that tore apart Sierra Leone over the course of 1997, precipitated by his ad hoc plans to decentralize both the military and some key governmental departments.
Lessons learned the hard way, and in his second administration, with international support, Kabbah had then constructively pursued and had sought to address the issue of decentralization as one of its top priorities. One major step was the enactment of the Local Government Act 2004, which provided for the creation of 19 Local Councils to be in charge of the affairs of their various localities throughout the country. The passage of the 2004 Local Government Act, the creation of the 19 local councils and the subsequent holding of local government election have been the right steps toward extending governance to the local level and ensuring that citizens can participate and effect changes in their localities through participation in decision making processes.
The Kabbah administration thus laid the foundations for a well structured decentralized democracy. Today, the democratic government of Koroma has the governance tools well aligned by his predecessor for the efficient implementation of development programs through a decentralized model of democracy. It could thus be argued there are many advantages for a decentralized democracy to be in place in Sierra Leone justified by Sierra Leone’s prior experience with failed, albeit centralized democratic governance efforts. The government of Koroma’s devolution drive is now being felt in all parts of the country, as the central government continued to devolve power to the local councils, a drive defined by the construction of adequate local government offices across the country. Koroma himself has remarked that his “determination to develop Sierra Leone would not be limited by regional or partisan boundaries”.
STABLE DEVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Power distribution would be easier under a decentralized democracy, in which many responsibilities held by the central government would be delegated to local bodies. For development and governance to be fully responsive and representational, people and institutions must be empowered at every level of society – national, provincial, district, city, town and village (ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/88, http://www.euroafricanpartnership.org/contributi/UNPAN021396.pdf). Some of these powers of course would constitute the mandate to draft and enact budgets, to utilize traditional preferences to centralized justice systems, and to facilitate the implementation of sustainable community development programs. Any decentralization process in Sierra Leone should tie in with the genuine internal distribution of power downward to sub-national levels of society and the local notions of legitimacy.
But supporting increasing local autonomy should come with oversight of local administration and the presidency should be prepared to meet with a firm hand the unscrupulous behaviors of certain players in local governance and in private sector administration who are against national development because of their actions which stand in the way of getting things done. Sierra Leone’s reliance on democracy and transparency is consistent with international values and is strategic to sustain any development effort in the country, but with empowering local bodies and individual agencies should be made with adequate checks and balances that restrict the freedom of local authorities to reflect local preferences and social policies that are regressive.
The center has to maintain its strict oversight powers and should raise the bar of expectations. The need to promote local acceptance of the central government is critical as this option would remove much of the casus belli for corrupt local administrations. The preservation of the central state is therefore critical with the power and incentive to deny the misuse of local revenues for programs that are not pro-development.
Some critics of the model would argue that a major challenge of decentralized democracy is the limited administrative capacity of the Sierra Leonean state, and with an inadequate pool of capable bureaucrats, this could overwhelm the country’s current human capital. They argue, decentralized democracy has the tendency to malign the state’s power brokers’ leadership preeminence which is in fact necessary to threaten the status, authority, and ability of local power brokers to profit from corruption and abuse at the local level.
But decentralized democracy could actually offer some important counterbalances in many areas. Besides, it could be counter-productive to marginalize the chiefs, for instance, under any democratic system, decentralized or not. The odds of success of such a model are much higher, however, when the population truly understands the power the center holds. The core of decentralization is not about competition in governance; in fact it is much down-to-earth to get people in line when the form of government offered is closer to the natural preference of the governed. If the chiefs and local administrators come to see their power prospects as extended, a decentralized system would oblige them to remain reconciled with the government in the hope of securing meaningful local roles in line with the development aspirations of the state.
It is not at all easy to combat high-level corruption or to improve administrative capacity. Only a representative and transparent accountability system in place in which political decentralization of decision making powers downward to local administrators that would allow Sierra Leone’s traditional community leaders to police the use of power and public funds. A national ministry in Freetown, however, should still have oversight of a village or district council. The ministry can see how local officials are spending money and can take issue with uses they find objectionable.
Of course, with devolution of power it does help to make better the Sierra Leone government’s critical competence by letting local officials give attention to marginal, more local issues. For example, if Freetown could provide grants to democratically elected community councils for local development projects, designed at the national level but administered locally, the central government ought to demand fiscal efficiency and effectiveness, that way many villages as possible could be reached. The central government has to put in place vigorous anti-corruption measures to keep in line the conduct of local administrators.
Of course, with decentralization, it does not mean local authorities could be left to run their localities as they saw fit, with the freedom to ignore the will of the governed or engage in any scale of corruption. Of course, forms of corruption pertaining to money like bribery, extortion, embezzlement, and graft are found in local government systems. Other forms of local government corruption are nepotism and patronage systems. Local officials are more susceptible to corruption in which they profited from the theft of local revenues and property while they try to maintain order and to share their predation with the center. As such redline restrictions that forbid the sort of excesses that fuel corruption are thus essential. Local administrations have to be dependent on the rapid development of state institutions that offer a closer fit with the realities of Sierra Leone. Restricting the central government’s involvement in local issues to a limited – but aggressively enforced – set of redlines could sanction the local power brokers to moderate their excesses. A decentralized democracy would depend more on transparency and efficiency, thus requiring more international mentoring, oversight, and assistance.
THE UNACCEPTABLE OTHERS
Other outcomes for Sierra Leone are possible – but would fail to meet core Sierra Leone development requirements. The country could, for example, revert to warlordism, as experimented by Foday “Saybana” Sankoh and Sam “Maskita” Bockarie’s uprising in the 1990s. The most likely such warlordism is anarchy at its worst. Such a result could only grant other warlords too much leeway in the country’s border towns and villages, as seen with the RUF. Any outcome that allows the advent of another warlord in Sierra Leone and more or less free to operate in the border towns and villages could create safe havens for cross-border terrorism and mayhem, similar to the use of Congolese border havens by Hutu guerillas, causing another spate of more human suffering in Sierra Leone. Warlordism would also set the stage for regional surrogate battles and internal vicious struggle for control of Freetown and key border and diamondiferous areas.
If the Koroma government collapses, Sierra Leone could again break down into the kind of anarchy and atomized civil warfare of the 1990s. Such a state would resemble the one that was taken over by Johnny Paul Koroma in the 1997, where lawlessness would create an opening for a new group of violent under bosses like the brutal Sam Bockarie – with obvious consequences for Sierra Leone’s development interests.
And if Sierra Leone could again revert to the kind of centralized and one party dictatorship perfected by Siaka Stevens in the 1970s, although this is hard to imagine, a single strongman is unlikely to be able to consolidate power in a democratic Sierra Leone, where constitutional law now prevails. In this environment, any prospective dictator – whether pro- or anti-Western – would find it very difficult to prevent the country from descending into another civil war. Another military coup d’état or other anti-democratic power grab (amending the constitution, for example, to allow for a president for life) is possible, but sure enough, it would not yield stability in its wake.
MAKING A DIFFERENCE WITH THE ACCEPTABLE
Koroma’s Sierra Leone seems to be making progress in experimenting with decentralized democracy, heading toward widespread development of the country. This trend can be sustained. Clinging to the constructive, decentralized model will surely help sustain the country’s stability. Decentralized governance resonates with the legitimate internal sharing of power in Sierra Leone and local notions of legitimacy. There can be a practical development solution when the intended political goal is so fittingly aligned with the country’s underlying social and political structure.
To its credit, the Koroma administration appears to have recognized that decentralized democracy is a bridge too essential for Sierra Leone. Current policy is aligned with decentralization – the question is how far this should go and whether the key players in his administration and the local players in local governance can manage the change process successfully. This strategy toward decentralization can work, and could be the solution to Sierra Leone’s development challenges. Such a system of decentralized democracy would have its glitches, and would involve sacrifice and risk, but in Sierra Leone – as in most places – the most favorable a system of governance, the longer and arduous the fight to get it to work for the common good. The question of whether to strive for the preferable outcome of decentralized democracy or to accept any other less appealing alternative of governance model will largely be determined by the efforts and sacrifices Koroma and his under bosses are willing to undertake. Yet for all its imperfections, such an approach of decentralized governance seems to be meeting core Sierra Leone national development requirements if continued to be properly implemented. And such model is more achievable than yesterday’s goal of centralized democracy under Siaka Stevens.
Under a decentralized democracy local councils are of course not free to espouse regressive social policies and abuse human rights,as that contradicts any promises and the prestige of democracy. Some would argue that with a decentralized system, corruption would be rife; the occasions for graft would be an essential part of the system’s appeal. The Koroma government would have to contain the scale and scope of this corruption. To prevent this, Koroma would have to continue to rein in on the worst of today’s excesses – if decentralized democracy is merely a gloss for the status quo, it will fail. At the same time, the Sierra Leonean state would have to crack down on the diamond and gold smuggling trade, which if left unchecked would continue to dwarf the revenues provided by foreign aid and make such aid a less convincing incentive for compliance with the center.
Under this style of governance, there would be a potential threat of instability as some cynic local power brokers would periodically test the waters to see what they could get away with. The central government would doubtlessly need to carry out periodic enforcement actions, including aggressive ones. Decentralized democracy is thus not perfect, but it could be viable and could meet Sierra Leone’s development requirements if Koroma’s presidency is willing to fulfill its roles as limited but important enforcer. Decentralized governance can be successful with the central government submitting to two means of imposing essential redlines. The first is the threat of punitive incarceration action ordered by the central administration. This would require an ACC that has the wherewithal to inflict serious costs on violators. (It need not have a monopoly on law and order, but a meaningful national aggressive ACC of some sort is necessary.) The other enforcement mechanism is Freetown’s control over foreign aid and its ability to direct aid to some provinces but not others. So the presidency would not be powerless – it would retain its influence through the disbursement of foreign aid and its deep engagement with the Sierra Leone’s chieftaincy.
In order to maintain Sierra Leone’s internal balance of power, Koroma would need to pay constant attention. Otherwise, the country could slip into another unrestrained warlordism and civil war. A workable decentralized democracy model is not a recipe for central government disengagement: it would require not only continued aid flows but also sustained political and presidential engagement. Regional policing of development efforts would be particularly important. To keep local councils from becoming a magnet for corrupt chieftain interference and a source of regional instability, Koroma would have to ensure that all chiefdoms are embedded in a regional development framework. Such a framework would facilitate and monitor aid flows and discourage intervention by corrupt chiefs.
Decentralized democracy with the local dynamics it unleashes has thus produced tolerable outcomes in developing countries like Ghana where the decentralization program is based on governmental values such as empowerment, equity, stability, accountability and checking of rural-urban drift; and Botswana where decentralized democracy is seen to provide a choice and act as a voice to express the needs and aspirations of the people. Sierra Leone itself was governed under a similar model for much of the colonial era: The colonial government ruled for several decades working effectively with district councils, but with limited state bureaucracy and a certain degree of autonomy for the periphery. The rule of law was generally administered locally. Nevertheless, a national army and a national police force remained ready to enforce a few key presidential prerogatives. The government earned revenue not from internal taxation but from foreign trade, foreign aid, and the sale of the country’s mineral resources. Over time, as the government’s capacity and resources increased, it was able to extend its writ, trying criminals in state courts, regulating the price of staple goods, and bringing community land under its authority.
Moreover, a decentralized democracy would not require the Sierra Leone government to abandon or amend the existing constitution. The 2004 constitution is flexible enough to allow many powers to be devolved through legislation, as demonstrated somewhat by the new sub-national governance policy, which provides limited administrative and budgetary authority to local officials. An anarchy model would clash with the spirit and letter of the 2004 constitution, but such a system would likely evolve on a de facto basis, averting the need for a new constitution in the near term.
Sierra Leone under president Koroma today is not ungovernable. There is a feasible option with an acceptable end state that is meeting core Sierra Leone development interests and placing the country on a path toward tolerable stability. Koroma has to continue to stay focused and to pursue his ambitious but realistic project to create a strong, decentralized Sierra Leonean state. If he does, then a range of power-sharing models could balance the needs of Sierra Leone’s internal constituencies in ways that today’s design can, while ensuring at the same time that Sierra Leone does not again become a base for warlords like Foday Sankoh, Sam Bockarie, and Johnny Paul Koroma. In a country developing, as in so many other things, the perfect model can be a far-fetched aspiration. The perfect governance model is probably not achievable in Sierra Leone – but the acceptable can still make a difference.
Kenday S. Kamara, Ph.D.,
Posted in Pole Shifts | Tags: Acceptable Outcome, Agricultural Productivity, Constructive Development, Decentralized, Decentralized Democracy, defining, Defining Success, Democracy, Ernest Koroma, Good Intentions, Government Work, Internal Accountability, Leadership Centers, Leone, National Government, Persistence, Political Culture, Progressive Government, Public Acceptance, Radical Departure, Roads And Bridges, Sierra, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leoneans, Success, Viability | No Comments »Dharma Initiative
Background
The Dharma Initiative and its origins are first explored in the episode “Orientation” by an orientation film in the Swan Station. Dr. Marvin Candle (Francois Chau), explains that the project began in 1970, created by two doctoral candidates from the University of Michigan, Gerald and Karen DeGroot (Michael Gilday and Courtney Lavigne), and was funded by Alvar Hanso (Ian Patrick Williams) of the Hanso Foundation. They imagined a “large-scale communal research compound”, where scientists and free thinkers from around the globe could research meteorology, psychology, parapsychology, zoology, electromagnetism, and a sixth discipline that the film begins to identify as “utopian social-” before being cut off.
The episodes “LaFleur” and “He’s Our You” indicate that mathematician Horace Goodspeed was in charge of Dharma Initiative operations on the Island, at least from the very early 1970s through the time of “the Incident.” Key decisions that needed to be made on the Island were taken by a committee, which included all department heads, including Head of Research Stuart Radzinsky and security head LaFleur (the name Sawyer was assuming). They, in turn, answer to the Dharma Initiative HQ based at the University of Michigan, as evidenced when Radzinsky threatens to call the University to override a key decision by Goodspeed. In the episode “The Variable”, Daniel Faraday confirmed that Dharma Initiative Headquarters, at least through 1977, was located at Ann Arbor, Michigan.
The “Lost Experience”, an alternate reality game which took place in 2006, revealed that the objective of the Dharma Initiative was to alter any of the six factors of the Valenzetti Equation, an equation which “predicts the exact number of years and months until humanity extinguishes itself,” to allow humans to exist for longer by changing their doomsday. These factors are represented as numbers in the Valenzetti Equation and are also the numbers frequently mentioned in the show: 4, 8, 15, 16, 23 and 42.
In 1977, the Dharma workers based on the Island drilled into an electromagnetic pocket, releasing a catastrophically dangerous amount of electromagnetic energy. This is referred to as “the Incident” and is frequently alluded to in other Dharma Initiative sources. Radzinsky insisted on drilling despite warnings from Dr. Chang about the danger. In the Swan Station orientation film, recorded in 1980, Dr. Marvin Candle insists that the computer at the Swan Station not be used for any other purpose, specifically to communicate with other stations, and indicates it had something to do with the Incident. When the Oceanic 815 survivors travel back in time to 1977, they attempt to negate the release of this energy by detonating the plutonium core of a hydrogen bomb. The fifth season ends just as the bomb goes off, without revealing what it changed, if anything.
The mysterious map on the blast door, revealed by blacklight.
After the Incident, according to notations on the blast door map painted by Stuart Radzinsky in the Swan Station, the Dharma Initiative’s facilities on the Island seemed to fall into disrepair. The blast door map has many annotations about destroyed access tunnels, a breakdown in the Cerberus Security System and mentions facilities being abandoned or destroyed via other incidents or accidents, specifically one happening on October 28, 1984, another in 1985, and a final one on December 7, 1987. By the time Danielle Rousseau and her freighter crew shipwrecked on the Island, in 1988, many of the facilities on the Island have been abandoned, including the radio tower. At no point between then and the eventual purge of its members did the Dharma Initiative attempt a search and rescue for Danielle or her crew, despite Danielle broadcasting her own distress signal on a continuous loop from the tower for four years.
When the Dharma Initiative arrived on the Island, they fought with the Island’s natives, known to them as the Hostiles and to the survivors of Flight 815 as the “Others”. The “Hostiles” had been living on the Island long before the Initiative arrived. The Arrow Station was eventually given a mission to observe and formulate strategies to counter the Hostiles. When Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) arrived on the Island in 1970, there was still an open conflict between the Hostiles and the Dharma Initiative. At some point prior to 1974, a truce of some kind was brokered with the Hostiles. A series of protocols were put into place between the Hostiles and the Initiative. Several episodes mention that there was a “line” and that certain parts of the Island were considered to be the “territory” of each group. This conflict ended in 1992, when Linus joined the Hostiles and helped kill the remaining members using poison gas, an event which became known as “The Purge”. The bodies were buried in a mass grave.
In 2001, after Stuart Radzinsky’s alleged suicide in The Swan, Kelvin Inman, a man who found Desmond adrift on the beach, was still working for the Dharma Initiative in the Swan station. Lost producer Carlton Cuse confirms in a podcast that Kelvin was indeed a member of the Dharma Initiative.[citation needed] In the “Lost Experience”, an actor portraying fictional Hanso Foundation executive Hugh McIntyre appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live, where he stated that the Foundation had stopped funding the Dharma Initiative in 1987. However, in season 2, an air drop of supplies arrived for the Swan station. As an airdrop would require a cargo plane, pilots, parachutes, a loadmaster, and the supplies themselves, this would suggest someone is still providing funding for its activities. Furthermore, the Dharma Initiative insignia can be seen on the Secondary Protocol’s mission orders that mercenary commander Martin Keamy accesses in the freighter’s safe, suggesting that the Dharma Initiative continues, in some way, to the present day.
At the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con, a new ARG began with a booth recruiting new members to the Initiative. At the Lost panel, Hans van Eeghen, a Dharma executive, revealed that the results from the booth were “abysmal,” and a few people had been selected to view a video that had been sent from thirty years in the past. In the video, Pierre Chang said that the work on the Island is valid, and it is essential that the Dharma Initiative is restarted. Following this a website was launched, which allowed users to join the Dharma Initiative.
Research stations
A Bagua
The Dharma Initiative placed nine (known) research stations around the Island, which take the form of hidden, underground facilities or bunkers. After Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on the Island in September 2004, the survivors encounter several of these stations. The first to be discovered is “The Swan” which they refer to informally as “the hatch”. Nine additional stations have since been visited over the series, each with its own particular logo associated with it: an octagon, similar to the bagua design, with a differing symbol at the center. The Swan Station’s blast door map makes reference to a light manufacturing facility, a meteorological research station, station “CVII”, and others that have yet to be shown on the series.
In the episode “He’s Our You”, during a meeting of Dharma Initiative heads, there were 14 members present, suggesting 14 separate divisions of the Dharma Initiative on the island.
The Swan station’s blast door map claims that there was, at one time, an underground tunnel network that connected many of the stations. Notations on the map suggest that the tunnels started falling into disrepair in the early 1980s, soon after the incident occurred.
Station 2: The Arrow
The Arrow station is first seen in “The Other 48 Days”. In “Because You Left”, a flashback shows Chang doing the initial recording for the orientation film, where he explains that it is a station for monitoring the Hostiles and formulating strategies to combat them. He is interrupted before he can finish. In “The Man Behind the Curtain”, flashbacks of the Dharma Initiative in operation on the Island show one of the members, Horace Goodspeed (Doug Hutchison), wearing a jumpsuit bearing the Arrow station logo with “mathematician” written below it. When rediscovered in 2004, the word “quarantine” appears on the inside of the station’s door. In “LaFleur”, Horace gives the order to notify the Arrow to “prepare the heavy ordnance” when he believes there is an imminent danger from the Hostiles.
When the tail section survivors come across the Arrow Station in “The Other 48 Days”, it has apparently been converted into a storage room. Within, they find a radio, a glass eye, and part of the Swan station’s orientation film hidden inside a Bible. Producers Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof stated on a podcast that each object is significant, and not randomly chosen.
Station 3: The Swan
Dharma food, bearing the Swan logo
The Swan was planned to be a laboratory used by the Dharma Initiative for research on electromagnetism.. In the episode “The Incident”, Dharma Initiative member Radzinsky claimed when complete, the Swan Station would allow manipulation of electromagnetism that “would change the world”. According to the feature “Access Granted” on the third season Blu-ray, Dharma drilled into the earth and hit an area containing a large electromagnetic buildup, which their drilling released. The Swan was built over this area to act as a cork. Dharma then came up with a scheme to “dam” the leak but with the drawback that the field built up behind the dam and would eventually break it. A failsafe key could be used to permanently “seal” the leak. The specific event happened some time in 1977, as revealed in “The Variable”, and necessitated the evacuation of the island.
On the station’s orientation film, Doctor Marvin Candle explains that an “incident” occurred early in the station’s experiments. An edit to the film, which according to Inman was made by Radzinsky, removed specific details of this incident. The full film implies that unauthorized usage of the station’s computer terminal had something to do with the incident. This event required the entire Swan station area to be sealed with a large amount of concrete “like Chernobyl” (according to Sayid and Daniel Faraday) to contain the dangerous energy. This caused a consistent build-up of electromagnetic energy, which resulted in a change of the station’s focus: a two-member crew, replaced every 540 days, were instructed to enter a numeric code into a microcomputer terminal every 108 minutes. The station is equipped with a split-flap display timer, which is interfaced to a microcomputer terminal and connected to an alarm system.
The station is stocked with food, a record player with a collection of old LPs, a small library, an armory, a shower, and bunk beds. There is also a brand new washer/dryer and one of the books in the library is “Rainbow Six” by Tom Clancy, published in 1998. It is almost entirely underground, except for an entrance shaft and a concealed door (possibly due to being hidden in the Hostiles territory). The station also has several internal blast doors, with a map in invisible ink on one of them. This map has been worked on by, at a minimum, Kelvin Inman and Radzinsky. Analysis of the map suggests no less than five unique handwriting styles, and thus five different contributors. The map has direct revision dates on it, and as well as the obvious map entry, also seems to serve as some sort of history to happenings on the island, as there are many annotations that seem to suggest the writers were attempting to locate and ascertain the status of many stations on the Island. There are sections that are written in Latin. Kelvin Inman is seen writing in the lower right hand part of the map in “Live Together, Die Alone”, near a revision dated for 6.26.2002. There are also acrylic based paints and several murals painted in different portions of the hatch by unknown people as well as tick marks on the wall derived from them.
In the episode “Some Like It Hoth”, set in 1977, the Swan Station is shown to be under construction in an area designated as the Hostiles’ territory, a violation of the truce Dharma had brokered with them, under the primary authority of Radzinsky. In the episode “The Incident”, Dharma hits the pocket, releasing the energy and drawing all metallic objects into the hole. The plutonium core of a hydrogen bomb is detonated by the survivors in an attempt to negate the energy. In “Live Together, Die Alone”, Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick) shipwrecks on the Island in 2001 and is taken to the Swan station. Here Kelvin Inman explains about entering the numeric code then pushing the button to save the world. In September 2004, Kelvin and Desmond get into a fight, resulting in Kelvin’s death. Desmond enters the numbers too late, resulting in an electromagnetic build-up, which causes the crash of Oceanic Flight 815. Two of the survivors, Locke (Terry O’Quinn) and Boone (Ian Somerhalder), discover the Swan accidentally. Locke manages to successfully open it in the first season finale “Exodus”. Inside they find Desmond, who flees after they break the computer. The survivors manage to fix the computer, and begin pushing the button every 108 minutes.
After discovering the Pearl orientation film, Locke believes pushing the button is a psychological test, and with Desmond’s help decides to find out what will happen if the button is not pushed. Desmond tries to convince Locke that the station is real, with data from the Pearl, but Locke breaks the computer anyway so he can’t stop the countdown. This causes all the metal objects in the Swan to fly about, and the ground begins to shake. Realizing the importance of the button Locke accepts he was wrong, and Desmond turns the failsafe key. The sky turns violet temporarily, and the Swan is destroyed. The electromagnetic burst released by the destruction of the Swan Station renders the island momentarily visible to the outside world. The energy signature is detected by a monitoring station under the control of Penelope Widmore, which reported to her that they had “found the island.”
The Incident Room
In the video game Lost: Via Domus, the Incident Room is revealed to be on the other side of the concrete wall in the Swan. The room was accessed by a tunnel and a large locked door. The room contains a large reactor and other severely-damaged equipment. The reactor is tilted to one side and discharging electricity as well as coolant fluid. It has the appearance of two large electromagnetic coils suspended over an excavation hole into the Island surrounded by severely damaged concrete. The Incident Room has its own computer much like the Swan’s. This section of the Swan appeared on the blast door map as a blocked off section of the station (“Lockdown”), but was never seen in the show itself.
The Incident Room has been mentioned several times in Lost. Desmond mentioned that there was a magnetic reactor behind the concrete wall. When Sayid first visited the Swan he tried to find a way past the concrete wall, but it was just too thick to get through. Sayid told Jack that “The last time I heard of concrete being poured over everything in this way was Chernobyl,” (“Everybody Hates Hugo”).
The look and design for the “Incident Room” came from never before seen blueprints given to the developers by the Lost crew for the game. Although the game has been stated to be non-canon, the designs are the creators’ intended layout for the blocked sections of the Swan station.
Station 4: The Flame
The Flame is the Dharma Initiative’s communication station. It uses sonar and satellite technologies to communicate with the outside world and other stations on the Island, and can also be used to order food deliveries. Unlike the other stations, the Flame is not an underground bunker, but rather a wood-frame bungalow with a large satellite dish on the roof. Inside the station is a living area, a kitchen, and a computer room. Below the building is a large basement containing supplies, including a library of Dharma Initiative operations manuals. The facility also boasts several gardens, as well as chickens, cows, and goats roaming the area.
On the day Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on the Island, Mikhail Bakunin (Andrew Divoff) uses the station to access news feeds to gather information about the survivors. At Ben’s request he alters one of the feeds to allow Juliet to see her sister and nephew alive and well off the Island. At some point after this, communication off the Island is no longer possible, as the Looking Glass is blocking all signals. In “Enter 77″, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly), Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews), and Locke discover the station. Locke uses the computer to send a message saying the Hostiles have invaded the station, and by doing so he intentionally destroys it by causing the C4 lining the basement to go off. As shown in “LaFleur”, Radzinsky was stationed at the Flame in 1977, where he designed the model for the future Swan Station.
Station 5: The Pearl
The Pearl is where the Dharma Initiative studied psychology. It primarily serves as a monitoring station, to which surveillance feeds from the other stations are sent. Its orientation film asserts that the Swan is a psychological experiment, and that the purpose of those stationed in the Pearl is to monitor the participants in that station. The station consists of a three-by-three bank of television sets, two chairs with writing surfaces, and a computer hooked to a printer. A pneumatic tube is installed in the room, which the orientation film states is used to transport notebooks to another Dharma location. According to the orientation film that features Dr Mark Whickman, two-person teams, working eight-hour shifts over a three-week period, were to watch the video displays and take notes on their observations. Every action, regardless of how subtle, were to be recorded into notebooks by the Pearl’s team members.
After Oceanic Flight 815 crashes on the Island, Nikki and Paulo (Kiele Sanchez and Rodrigo Santoro) are the first survivors to encounter the Pearl, while searching for diamonds. Several weeks later, Locke and Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) enter the Pearl and watch the orientation video. Locke believes this means pushing the button in the Swan is a psychological test, and resolves to discover what will happen if it is not pushed. However, Desmond postulates in “Live Together, Die Alone” that the Pearl participants were the true test subjects without knowing it. This is supported when the survivors discover that the pneumatic tube dumps the notebooks into an open field; the contents of the notebooks indicate that they had been dumped there long before the station closed. During season three, some of the survivors visit the Pearl in hope of finding a way to communicate with the Others, but discover that the station is only capable of receiving data, not sending it.
Station 6: The Orchid
Introduced in the three-part finale of the fourth season, “There’s No Place Like Home”, the Orchid station appears at first to be an abandoned greenhouse. Hidden below the greenhouse is a second level of the station, a furnished laboratory similar to the Swan station. The Orchid features a small chamber adjacent to an exotic matter anomaly, which can be used to warp time and space. An outtake from the orientation film was shown at the 2007 San Diego Comic-Con, where Doctor Edgar Halliwax explains that, contrary to Dharma’s statements that the station was for botanical research, the station is used for researching a “Casimir effect” exhibited by the Island. The producers have confirmed that the video is canon, and holds relevance to the show itself.
Hidden behind the chamber is a further level of the Orchid which consists of pillars and stones with unknown hieroglyphs that have been seen in a few other places on the Island, and ends with a room consisting of a giant frozen wheel built horizontally into the wall. As shown in “This Place is Death”, the chamber was in place well before the construction of the Orchid. A well was connected to it at one point before the Orchid was built, but the chamber itself predates it. Ben and Locke enter the station and Ben travels to this room, where he turns the wheel. As he pushes it, the gap containing the wheel glows and the Island vanishes. Ben is transported to the Tunisian Desert as a consequence of using it. As a result of turning the wheel, the survivors of Flight 815 and the freighter crew members begin to jump randomly through time. When Locke returns to the wheel in “This Place is Death”, it is shown to be bouncing erratically and still glowing, indicating that Ben did not push it far enough (Christian Sheppard comments that it “slipped off its axis.”). Locke finishes the job, transporting himself off the Island to the same place Ben ended up. The time jumps also stop, stranding the survivors in 1974. Charles Widmore would later tell Locke that the Tunisian Desert is the “exit point” for anyone who uses the wheel.
In a flashback in “Because You Left”, Dr. Chang is called to investigate an incident at the Orchid. A construction worker is shown bleeding from his eyes and mouth, and six drill bits have been melted drilling into the future site of the chamber. Scans of the wall reveal the presence of another chamber with a wheel behind it. Chang refuses to use explosives to clear the wall, since it might release a limitless energy source. He believes that they will be able to control time if the energy can be harnessed properly.
Station ?: The Hydra
The Hydra is a zoological research station located on a small island roughly two miles off-shore from the main island. It is described as being about twice the size of Alcatraz Island. The Hydra facility has cages outside the station in the jungle where polar bears used to be kept. An underwater complex was once used as an aquarium, which housed sharks and dolphins. The facility also features living and research quarters. The symbol for this station is the usual Dharma Initiative logo with a hydra in the middle. You can see it on a large tube behind Kate and Sawyer’s cages in season 3.
At the start of season three, Jack, Kate, and Sawyer are held captive on the Hydra island by the Others. Kate and Sawyer are forced to build a runway, until they manage to escape. In season two, a shark has the Dharma symbol branded on its tail. Also in season three episode “A Tale of Two Cities”, Tom comments that the polar bears that used to be housed in the cage Sawyer was being held in figured out the “food” puzzle in two hours. A leather collar bearing the Dharma Hydra symbol is found near a polar bear skeleton in the Tunisian desert. In the fifth season, Ajira Airways Flight 316 makes a forced but overall safe landing on the Hydra island, landing on the runway built by the Others. In the fifth season episode “Some Like It Hoth”, Dr. Chang threatens to send an over-inquisitive Hurley to the Hydra Station to participate in their “ridiculous experiments” if he mentions a body delivered to Dr. Chang by Miles Straume.
Station ?: The Staff
The Staff is a medical research station, later designed to house pregnant women who were taken there to give birth and/or die. It consists of a long corridor, at the end of which is an operating room, as well as a nursery and a locker room. Hidden inside one of the lockers is a switch that unlocks a hidden vault that contains medical equipment and nursery furniture. There is also another hidden room, where the Others take women who have become pregnant on the Island to die.
After Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin) is kidnapped by the Others in season one, she is taken to the Staff station. Here she has a drug administered to her fetus. A renegade Other, Alex (Tania Raymonde), helps Claire to escape when she learns that they are planning to steal Claire’s baby. When it is found by Claire and Kate later on, Kate discovers costumes, a fake beard, and some theatrical glue in the Staff locker room. In season three, Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) and Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) visit the Staff station to perform an ultrasound to discover when Sun’s baby was conceived. In season four, Faraday, Charlotte, Jin and Sun visit the station to get some medical supplies for Jack’s operation
Station ?: The Looking Glass
The Looking Glass is located on the sea-bed at approximately 60 feet (18m) depth, some 600 feet (182m) from the beach. The station is used to jam communications going to and from the Island, as well as generating a beacon to guide the submarine to the Island. When the Dharma Initiative was still active, the Looking Glass was used to resupply the submarine. The station receives power from the cable that Sayid discovered in the episode “Solitary”. The station’s logo is a rabbit, a reference to the White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland (the sequel to which is Through the Looking-Glass). Its logo can be seen in the episode “Greatest Hits” when Charlie swims down to it. The Others were under the impression that the station was flooded. Only Ben knew that the station was still in operation and there were people working there.
In the season three finale, “Through The Looking Glass”, Charlie Pace discovers that the rescue boat linked to Naomi, the parachute woman, was not sent out by Desmond Hume’s ex-girlfriend Penny Widmore. Charlie locks the door to the control room when Mikhail shatters the porthole window, subsequently flooding the room. This prevents Desmond from getting to Charlie, thereby fulfilling Desmond’s latest “premonition” (Charlie was meant to drown in the control room after disabling the jamming equipment). He quickly writes “Not Penny’s Boat” on his hand and shows Desmond through the glass on the door.
Station ?: The Tempest
The Tempest is a chemical weapons development station on the Island, first seen in the episode “The Other Woman”. It is used to control the release of poisonous gases over the Island. Every day, before his death, Goodwin would travel to The Tempest to press a button to prevent deadly gases from escaping. In “The Other Woman”, it was revealed that part of Daniel Faraday’s and Charlotte Staples Lewis’ primary missions were to disable the gases at the station. They said they needed to press the button to save everyone, although they may have wanted to disable the station’s gases to prevent Benjamin Linus from using the Tempest as a weapon of last resort against the Island’s enemies.
Station ?: The Lamp Post
The Lamp Post is the only known off-island Dharma station. It is located in Los Angeles under a church, built on top of a pocket of electromagnetic energy similar to that on the island. This station was used by the Dharma initiative to find the island. As the island is constantly moving, the researchers developed an equation to predict where the island would be in the future, thereby providing a window of opportunity to reach it. A large pendulum (resembling a Foucault Pendulum) hangs from the ceiling making chalk marks on a map on the floor beneath. Many computers surround the pendulum, along with a panel on the wall that marks latitude and longitude. The inside of the station first appears in the second episode of season five, “The Lie”, though no explanation of its purpose (or that it is, in fact, a Dharma station) is revealed until the following episode, “316″. Eloise Hawking is currently in charge of the station, and uses it to help the Oceanic 6 return to the island with the assistance of Ben Linus.
The station is called the Lamp Post as a tribute to the Chronicles of Narnia series, in which a lamp post signifies the comings and goings between two worlds. The station’s logo includes the traditional Dharma octagon-shape with a picture of what appears to be a lamp post emitting light to either side. This picture can also refer to the pendulum within the station, due to the pointed tip in the picture.
Mysteries of the Universe
Starting on July 23, 2009, ABC’s official Lost website started posting a 5 part documentary from lost footage from a short-lived 1980s television series “Mysteries of the Universe”. In actuality, the brand and its episodes have been created by ABC and the Lost team in 2009 as a promotion for the final season of the show. The fact that a documentary series with a similar name actually did exist in the 1980s, the information provided in the documentary appears credible at first glance – although the presentation contains a healthy portion of humor. The videos contain new revelations about the DHARMA Initiative and the conspiracies that surround it.
Appearances in Lost
Station
First seen in
First visit (onscreen)
Last seen in
Name given in
Station 2: The Arrow
“Everybody Hates Hugo” (2.04)
“The Other 48 Days” (2.07)
“The Other 48 Days” (2.07)
“Lockdown” (2.17)
Station 3: The Swan
“All the Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues” (1.11)
“Man of Science, Man of Faith” (2.01)
“The Incident” (5.16 & 5.17)
“Orientation” (2.03)
Station 4: The Flame
“The Cost of Living” (3.05)
“Enter 77″ (3.11)
“Namaste” (5.09)
“Lockdown” (2.17)
Station 5: The Pearl
“?” (2.21)
“?” (2.21)
“Expos” (3.14)
“?” (2.21)
Station 6: The Orchid
Comic Con orientation film and “There’s No Place Like Home” (4.14)
“There’s No Place Like Home” (4.14)
“The Variable” (5.14)
Comic Con orientation film
Station ?: The Lamp Post
“The Lie” (5.02)
“316″ (5.06)
“316″ (5.06)
“316″ (5.06)
Station ?: The Staff
“Maternity Leave” (2.15)
“Maternity Leave” (2.15)
“Something Nice Back Home” (4.10)
“Lockdown” (2.17)
Station ?: The Hydra
“A Tale of Two Cities” (3.01)
“A Tale of Two Cities” (3.01)
“Dead Is Dead” (5.12)
“A Tale of Two Cities” (3.01)
Station ?: The Looking Glass
“Greatest Hits” (3.21)
“Greatest Hits” (3.21)
“Through the Looking Glass” (3.22)
“Greatest Hits” (3.21)
Station ?: The Tempest
“The Other Woman” (4.06)
“The Other Woman” (4.06)
“The Other Woman” (4.06)
“The Other Woman” (4.06)
In popular culture
A Dharma-related Easter Egg in Half-Life 2: Episode 2.
A Dharma logo in Cloverfield.
In Half-Life 2: Episode Two, players can find an easter egg in the sixth chapter, “Our Mutual Fiend”. In Uriah’s lab, there is an inaccessible room containing a computer terminal with the numbers shown on the screen and a Dharma-style octagon with a pine tree symbol for the White Forest base on the wall. The room was inserted at the request of Gabe Newell, who promised to insert a reference to Lost in response to Half-Life references in Lost’s first season episode “The Greater Good”.
In a scene of the U.S. version of The Office, in the episode “Initiation”, Dwight Shrute asks Ryan Howard, “What is the Dharma initiative?” This can be seen on the season 3 DVD. He also asks this question to the character Andy in a deleted scene in the third season finale where Andy replies that the DI is the source of all good on the earth. Dwight then corrects him by saying “Wrong. It is an organization created by aliens.”
In the 2008 movie Cloverfield, which was produced by J.J. Abrams and the team that made Lost, a slight variation on the Dharma Initiative logo can briefly be seen in the opening of the movie. It is during the introduction of the film which states where the “video” about to be shown came from. It is only visible for a few frames on the lower right side of screen. It looks almost identical to the Pearl station logo.
In the Sholazar Basin area of Northrend in the Wrath of the Lich King expansion for World of Warcraft, there is a hatch in the middle of an island (coordinates 38/37) in a lake. If the player highlights the window of the hatch, the numbers “5 9 16 17 24 43″ appear, each number being one higher than the Lost numbers.
In Call of Duty: World at War, in the Nazi Zombies level Verruckt, in the power room when the switch is pulled you can hear a voice saying the numbers.
In Fallout 3, the Numbers are the combination to a hatch-like safe hidden in the floor in Billy Creel’s house. You cannot open it by just knowing the numbers, your character must learn them from the child living with him.
References
^ As revealed during the Lost Experience.
^ http://www.Dharmawantsyou.com
^ a b c d e “Orientation”. Jack Bender, Writ. Javier Grillo-Marxuach & Craig Wright. Lost. ABC. 2005-10-05. No. 3, season 2.
^ Rose, Cecil (November 7, 2006). “The Lost Experience Explained”. Film Fodder. http://www.filmfodder.com/tv/lost/archives/003345.shtml.
^ a b c d “The Man Behind the Curtain”. Bobby Roth, Writ. Elizabeth Sarnoff & Drew Goddard. Lost. ABC. 2007-05-09. No. 20, season 3.
^ Lost podcast for March 20th, 2007..
^ “Cabin Fever”. Paul Edwards, Writ. Elizabeth Sarnoff & Kyle Pennington. Lost. ABC. 2008-05-08. No. 11, season 4.
^ a b c “Enter 77″. Stephen Williams, Writ. Carlton Cuse & Damon Lindelof. Lost. ABC. 2007-03-07. No. 11, season 3.
^ a b c d “Live Together, Die Alone”. Jack Bender, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2006-05-24. No. 23, season 2.
^ Lowry, Tom (2006-07-24). “Network Finds Marketing Paradise with Lost”. BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_30/b3994072.htm.
^ Laurence, Cameron (2006-05-26). “If Only “Lost” Were Real — Wait, Is It?”. HowStuffWorks. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/fiction-reality-lost-news.htm.
^ “Comic-Con: Live-Blogging the ‘Lost’ Panel”. Washington Post. 2008-07-26. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2008/07/comiccon_liveblogging_the_lost.html.
^ Rice, Lynette (2008-07-26). “Comic-Con: ‘Lost’ producers give out prizes…and some scoop”. Entertainment Weekly. http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2008/07/comic-con-lost.html.
^ a b “The Other 48 Days”. Eric Laneuville, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2005-11-16. No. 7, season 2.
^ a b Lost Official Podcast November 21, 2005.
^ “Access Granted”. Lost: The Complete Third Season – The Unexplored Experience, Buena Vista Home Entertainment. December 11, 2007. Featurette, disc 7.
^ “Lockdown”. Stephen Williams, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2006-03-29. No. 17, season 2.
^ “All The Best Cowboys Have Daddy Issues”. Stephen Williams, Writ. Javier Grillo-Marxuach. Lost. ABC. 2004-12-08. No. 11, season 1.
^ “Exodus: Part 2″. Jack Bender, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2005-05-25. No. 24, season 1.
^ “Man of Science, Man of Faith”. Jack Bender, Writ. Damon Lindelof. Lost. ABC. 2005-09-21. No. 1, season 2.
^ a b c “?”. Deran Sarafian, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2006-05-10. No. 21, season 2.
^ “One Of Us”. Jack Bender, Writ. Carlton Cuse & Drew Goddard. Lost. ABC. 2007-04-11. No. 16, season 3.
^ “Greatest Hits”. Stephen Williams, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz. Lost. ABC. 2007-05-16. No. 21, season 3.
^ “Expos”. Stephen Williams, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz. Lost. ABC. 2007-03-28. No. 14, season 3.
^ “The Cost of Living”. Jack Bender, Writ. Alison Schapker & Monica Owusu-Breen. Lost. ABC. 2006-11-01. No. 5, season 3.
^ West, Steve (July 27, 2007). “ComicCon: Lost Orientation Video For The Orchid Station”. Blend Television. http://www.cinemablend.com/television/ComicCon-Lost-Orientation-Video-For-The-Orchid-Station-5531.html.
^ Lachonis, John (October 30, 2007). “Lost’s Fourth Season Closes In, and The Orchid Blossoms”. BuddyTV. http://www.buddytv.com/articles/lost/losts-fourth-season-closes-and-13210.aspx.
^ “There’s No Place Like Home: Parts 2 and 3″. Jack Bender & Stephen Williams, Writ. Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse. Lost. ABC. 2008-05-29. No. 13 & 14, season 4.
^ “The Shape of Things to Come”. Jack Bender, Writ. Brian K. Vaughan& Drew Goddard. Lost. ABC. 2008-04-24. No. 9, season 4.
^ “A Tale of Two Cities”. Jack Bender, Writ. J. J. Abrams & Damon Lindelof. Lost. ABC. 2006-10-04. No. 1, season 3.
^ “The Glass Ballerina”. Paul Edwards, Writ. Drew Goddard & Jeff Pinkner. Lost. ABC. 2006-10-11. No. 2, season 3.
^ “Confirmed Dead”. Stephen Williams, Writ. Drew Goddard & Brian K. Vaughan. Lost. ABC. 2008-02-07. No. 2, season 4.
^ a b c d “D.O.C.”. Fred Toye, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz. Lost. ABC. 2007-04-25. No. 18, season 3.
^ a b “Maternity Leave”. Jack Bender, Writ. Dawn Lambertsen Kelly & Matt Ragghianti. Lost. ABC. 2006-03-01. No. 15, season 2.
^ http://abc.go.com/primetime/lost/index?pn=lostmysteries
^ “The Greater Good”. TVIV. http://tviv.org/Lost/The_Greater_Good#Allusions_and_References. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
v d e
Lost
Production
Cast Episode list Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Soundtracks
Main characters
Ana Lucia Ben Boone Charlie Charlotte Claire Daniel Desmond Frank Hurley Ilana Jack Jin Juliet Kate Libby Locke Michael Miles Mr. Eko Nikki & Paulo Richard Sawyer Sayid Shannon Sun Walt
Supporting characters
Alex Christian Ethan Keamy Rose & Bernard Penny Rousseau Tom Widmore
Groups
Dharma Initiative Hanso Foundation Oceanic Airlines The Others
Miscellaneous
Awards Find 815 Lost Experience Lost: Missing Pieces Lostpedia Lost: Via Domus Mythology
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