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In part 1 the importance of the Orion/Taurus sky region to the ancients was explored. A small star (Gliese 201) appeared to be the focus of interest. The evidence being an X on a cave painting that appear to depict this region, a carving suggested to be that of Orion, with 48 to 52 notches on the back, the distance to Gliese 201 in light years. Ancients texts alluding to visitors coming from this region and the alignment of the Giza complex.

Close examination of star maps show that Gliese 201 is in a four fingered hand like formation at the end of the arm of Orion, consistent with the statements in the pyramid texts given in part 1.

A further observation of the star patterns in 39395 BC when Regulus, Arcturus and Gliese 201 align with the star shafts of the great pyramid, shows that Denebola, the second brightest star in Leo, rises exactly due East at this time. This is the direction of the gaze of the sphinx.

The names of the builders of the giza pyramids vary from reference to reference. Review of ancient and modern sources shows, the builder of the great pyramid could be Suphis, Soris, Khufu, Cheops, Chemmis, Bikheris, Thoth, Surid or Chembis and he reigned from 23 to 63 years. The builder of the second pyramid could be Cephres, Chabryis, Cephren, Khafra, Hujib, Tatfra, Djedfra, Tamphthis or Suphis and he reigned from 8 to 66 years. The builder of the third pyramid could be Mencheres, Menkaura, Mycerinus, Karuras, Cherinus or Nitocris and he or she reigned anywhere from a short period of time up to 63 years.

While some names are changed in translation, it would appear this presents unsatisfactory data to determine who the true builders were.

Menkaura is suggestive of the Sumerian king Enmerkar. 

There were many pharaohs with a name similar to Menkaura in Egypt. There were at least three known in the first 7 dynasties. Taking the Sumerian king lists at face value, counting back from around 3000 BC for Sargon, it can be seen that in Sumerian history, the city of Unug was built by Enmerkar’s dynasty around 13000 BC. This is agreement with the second star shaft alignment date. The building of Unug is described below;

“In those days of long ago, when the destinies were determined, the kings allowed Unug Kulaba’s Eana to lift its head high. Fish aplenty, barley abundance, and the rain which brings forth barley were then increased in Unug Kulaba. Before the land of Dilmun yet existed, the Eana of Unug Kulaba was well founded.”

Eana was a ziggurat built in honour of the goddess Inanna, the “lady of all the lands” (E-ana means ‘house of Ana’). A ziggurat is essentially a step pyramid.

Possibly Enmerkar/Menkaura was a Sumerian/Egyptian king or dynasty of this era that built part of the Giza complex and that this was the source of the confusion for Herodotus and Diodorus.

The handles on the small doors in the Queen’s southern and northern star shafts in the great pyramid are heavily corroded. It has been stated in literature that, considering the humidity in the great pyramid, this amount of corrosion is consistent with an age of around 2400 BC. However, the humidity in the pyramid is entirely due to the vast number of visitors each year. Up until the 19th century, the pyramid star shafts were sealed. Under such conditions the handles shouldn’t have corroded at all. The northern shaft handles exhibit heavy loss on one handle and significant mass gain on the other. This is likely to be due to galvanic action over the millenia due to slight dissimilarities between the two metals. Knowing the electrical resistivity of the mounting door and the composition of the two handles, a very accurate estimate of age could be determined. In a sense, the handles are a clock.

Have you ever wondered how cars and other motor vehicles run smoothly and quietly? As a child, I have always been in awe of how these powerful machines work. Later on, I understood that these machines run smoothly with the help of smaller machines called bearings. Bearings are important to the machines we use everyday, for without them, we would need to frequently replace broken machine parts due to the wear and tear of friction.

A bearing is a tool used to reduce the friction that occurs in machines. Friction is a kind of force which opposes the movement of a surface in sliding or rolling motion over another surface with which it is in contact. Bearings bear the frictional force which is set up by the moving surface of a machine part.

Bearings are categorized according to how they operate and the motions that they allow. The two common motions are linear and rotary. Bearings which allow linear motions are called linear bearings. These bearings allow motion in a straight line. An example of linear motion is the pulling and pushing of a drawer. Rotary motions, on the other hand, involve one direction rotation and oscillation, wherein the motion goes only through a part of a cycle, such as in the case of a wheel. Rotary bearings, therefore, allow motions which are concentrated on a center, like a wheel on a shaft.

Many applications use rotary bearings such as machine shafts, vehicle axles, and clock parts. The sleeve bearing, a simple cylinder which is inserted between the wheel and its axle, is the most basic rotary bearing. The roller bearing followed, wherein the sleeve is replaced by a number of cylindrical rollers, each behaving as a single wheel.

The operation of bearings includes six common principles. Sliding bearings are usually called “bushings”, “journal bearings”, “sleeve bearings”, or “plain bearings”. Rolling-element bearings include ball and roller bearings. Jewel bearings allow its load to be carried by an axle, which is rolled off-center. Fluid bearings, on the other hand, allow its load to be carried by a liquid or gas. In magnetic bearings, a magnetic field carries the load. In flexure bearings, the motion is given off by a load element which bends.

Bearings are said to have existed since the ancient times when Egyptian pharaohs started building and constructing their well know Pyramids of Giza. An initial type of linear bearing was used in Egypt to transport construction materials. These materials included large boulders and stones which were difficult to move and carry to the construction site. The arrangement of tree trunks under a sled helped transport bulky materials from one place to another. This principle serves as the basis of modern linear bearings.

An early model of the wooden ball bearing was used to support a rotating table. This was found from the remains of a Roman shipwreck. Leonardo Da Vinci was also said to have described a type of ball bearing during his time. But Galileo described the caged ball bearing in the 1600s, but it was only in 1794 that bearings were mounted as a set when Philip Vaughan got the first patent for a ball bearing. In 1907, the contemporary design of self-aligning ball bearings was manufactured by Sven Wingquist.

The early sliding and rolling-element bearings were wood, but some tried using other materials such as ceramic and glass. Today, plastics such as nylon and polyoxymethylene, and other metals such as steel and bronze are commonly used to produce bearings.

We at IRTOURING Offering Iran tour and Tours to iran and Provide you Informations about History of Pyramids

The earliest known Egyptian pyramid is the Pyramid of Djoser (constructed 2630 BCE–2611 BCE) which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world’s oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.

The best known Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built.

The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence

About Egyptians Pyramids

By the time of the early dynastic period of Egyptian history, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas.

The first historically documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other — creating an edifice composed of a number of “steps” that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Step Pyramid of Djoser — which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep’s achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.

The most prolific pyramid-building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist pharaonic rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, those near Giza, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well-built and often hastily constructed.

Long after the end of Egypt’s own pyramid-building period, a burst of pyramid-building occurred in what is present-day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the Kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief and ceased in 661 BC, the Egyptian influence made an indelible impression, and during the later Sudanese Kingdom of Meroe (approximately in the period between 300 BC–300 AD) this flowered into a full-blown pyramid-building revival, which saw more than two hundred indigenous, but Egyptian-inspired royal pyramid-tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom’s capital cities.

The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramids is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el-Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.

While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One theory is that they were designed as a type of “resurrection machine.”

The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extends from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh’s soul directly into the abode of the gods.

All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which as the site of the setting sun was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology

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